Hogan GJ, Mirvis SE, Shanmuganathan K, Scalea, TM. Exclusion of unstable cervical spine injury in obtunded patients with blunt trauma: Is MR imaging needed when multi-detector row CT findings are normal. Radiology. 2005;237(1):106-113. https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/abs/10.1148/radiol.2371040697
Saraf-Lavi E, Bown BC, Quencer RM, et al. Detection of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae with MR imaging and contrast-enhanced MR angiography: Sensitivity, specificity, and prediction of vertebral level. AJNR. 2002;23(5):858-867. http://www.ajnr.org/content/23/5/858
Langner S, Fleck S, Kirsch M, et al. Whole-body CT trauma imaging with adapted and optimized CT angiography of the craniocervical vessels: Do we need an extra screening examination? AJNR. 2008;29(10):1902-1907. http://www.ajnr.org/content/29/10/1902
Friedman D, Flanders A, Thomas C, et al. Vertebral artery injury after acute cervical-spine trauma- rate of occurrence as detected by MR-Angiography and assessment of clinical consequences. AJR. 1995;164(2):443-447. https://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.164.2.7839986
Degenerative
Rajasekaran S, Babu JN, Arun R, Armstrong BR, Shetty AP, Murugan S. ISSLS prize winner: A study of diffusion in human lumbar discs: a serial magnetic resonance imaging study documenting the influence of the endplate on diffusion in normal and degenerate discs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(23):2654-2667. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000148014.15210.64 https://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/Abstract/2004/12010/ISSLS_Prize_Winner__A_Study_of_Diffusion_in_Human.9.aspx
Modic MT, Steinberg PM, Ross JS, Masaryk TJ, Carter JR. Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology. 1988;166(1 Pt 1):193-199. doi:10.1148/radiology.166.1.3336678 https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiology.166.1.3336678
Modic MT, Obuchowski NA, Ross JS, et al. Acute low back pain and radiculopathy: MR imaging findings and their prognostic role and effect on outcome. Radiology. 2005;237(2):597-604. doi:10.1148/radiol.2372041509 https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2372041509
Kadanka Z Jr, Adamova B, Kerkovsky M, et al. Predictors of symptomatic myelopathy in degenerative cervical spinal cord compression. Brain Behav. 2017;7(9):e00797. Published 2017 Aug 11. doi:10.1002/brb3.797 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5607559/
Flanagan EP, Krecke KN, Marsh RW, Giannini C, Keegan BM, Weinshenker BG. Specific pattern of gadolinium enhancement in spondylotic myelopathy. Ann Neurol. 2014;76(1):54-65. doi:10.1002/ana.24184 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ana.24184
Postoperative
Ross JS, Obuchowski N, Modic MT. MR evaluation of epidural fibrosis: proposed grading system with intra- and inter-observer variability. Neurol Res. 1999;21 Suppl 1:S23-S26. doi:10.1080/01616412.1999.11758604 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01616412.1999.11758604
Ross JS, Masaryk TJ, Schrader M, Gentili A, Bohlman H, Modic MT. MR imaging of the postoperative lumbar spine: assessment with gadopentetate dimeglumine. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990;155(4):867-872. doi:10.2214/ajr.155.4.2119123 https://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.155.4.2119123
Bundschuh CV, Modic MT, Ross JS, Masaryk TJ, Bohlman H. Epidural fibrosis and recurrent disk herniation in the lumbar spine: MR imaging assessment. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;150(4):923-932. doi:10.2214/ajr.150.4.923 https://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.150.4.923
Ricci C, Cova M, Kang YS, et al. Normal age-related patterns of cellular and fatty bone marrow distribution in the axial skeleton: MR imaging study. Radiology. 1990;177(1):83-88. doi:10.1148/radiology.177.1.2399343 https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiology.177.1.2399343
Rodriguez AG, Rodriguez-Soto AE, Burghardt AJ, Berven S, Majumdar S, Lotz JC. Morphology of the human vertebral endplate. J Orthop Res. 2012;30(2):280-287. doi:10.1002/jor.21513 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jor.21513
Mellado JM, Larrosa R, Martín J, Yanguas N, Solanas S, Cozcolluela MR. MDCT of variations and anomalies of the neural arch and its processes: part 1–pedicles, pars interarticularis, laminae, and spinous process. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(1):W104-W113. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.5803 https://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/AJR.10.5803
Mellado JM, Larrosa R, Martín J, Yanguas N, Solanas S, Cozcolluela MR. MDCT of variations and anomalies of the neural arch and its processes: part 2–articular processes, transverse processes, and high cervical spine. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(1):W114-W121. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.5811 https://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/AJR.10.5811
Berger-Groch J, Thiesen DM, Ntalos D, Hennes F, Hartel MJ. Assessment of bone quality at the lumbar and sacral spine using CT scans: a retrospective feasibility study in 50 comparing CT and DXA data. Eur Spine J. 2020;29(5):1098-1104. doi:10.1007/s00586-020-06292-z https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00586-020-06292-z
Patel, K. B., Poplawski, M. M., Pawha, P. S., Naidich, T. P. & Tanenbaum, L. N. Diffusion-weighted MRI “claw sign” improves differentiation of infectious from degenerative modic type 1 signal changes of the spine. American journal of neuroradiology35, 1647-1652, doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3948 (2014). http://www.ajnr.org/content/early/2014/04/17/ajnr.A3948/tab-article-info
Ledbetter LN, Salzman KL, Shah LM. Imaging Psoas Sign in Lumbar Spinal Infections: Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy and Comparison with Established Imaging Characteristics. AJNR American journal of neuroradiology 2016;37(4):736-41. http://www.ajnr.org/content/37/4/736
Shanley DJ. Tuberculosis of the spine – imaging features. AJNR. 1995;164(3):659-664.Sharif HS. Role of MR imaging in management of spinal infections. AJR. 1992;158(6):1333-1345. https://www.ajronline.org/doi/abs/10.2214/ajr.158.6.1590137
Hermann KG, Althoff CE, Schneider U, et al. Spinal changes in patients with spondyloarthritis: comparison of MR imaging and radiographic appearances. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):559-570. doi:10.1148/rg.253045117 https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.253045117
Gasperic N, Sersa I, Jeftic V, et al. Monitoring ankylosing spondylitis therapy by dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Skeletal Radiology. 2008;37(2);123-131. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00256-007-0407-2
Erly WK, Oh ES, Outwater EK. The utility of in-phase/opposed-phase imaging in differentiating malignancy from acute benign compression fractures of the spine. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(6):1183-1188. http://www.ajnr.org/content/27/6/1183
Zajick DC Jr, Morrison WB, Schweitzer ME, Parellada JA, Carrino JA. Benign and malignant processes: normal values and differentiation with chemical shift MR imaging in vertebral marrow. Radiology. 2005;237(2):590-596. doi:10.1148/radiol.2372040990 https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/abs/10.1148/radiol.2372040990
Disler DG, McCauley TR, Ratner LM, Kesack CD, Cooper JA. In-phase and out-of-phase MR imaging of bone marrow: prediction of neoplasia based on the detection of coexistent fat and water. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169(5):1439-1447. doi:10.2214/ajr.169.5.9353477 https://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/ajr.169.5.9353477
Hock A, Henning A, Boesiger P, Kollias SS. (1)H-MR spectroscopy in the human spinal cord. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(9):1682-1689. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3342 http://www.ajnr.org/content/34/9/1682
Khadem NR, Karimi S, Peck KK, et al. Characterizing hypervascular and hypovascular metastases and normal bone marrow of the spine using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33(11):2178-2185. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3104 http://www.ajnr.org/content/early/2012/05/03/ajnr.A3104
Morales KA, Arevalo-Perez J, Peck KK, Holodny AI, Lis E, Karimi S. Differentiating Atypical Hemangiomas and Metastatic Vertebral Lesions: The Role of T1-Weighted Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018;39(5):968-973. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A5630 http://www.ajnr.org/content/39/5/968
Neoplastic
Rykken JB, Diehn FE, Hunt CH, et al. Rim and flame signs: postgadolinium MRI findings specific for non-CNS intramedullary spinal cord metastases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(4):908-915. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3292 http://www.ajnr.org/content/34/4/908
Baur A, Stäbler A, Arbogast S, Duerr HR, Bartl R, Reiser M. Acute osteoporotic and neoplastic vertebral compression fractures: fluid sign at MR imaging. Radiology. 2002;225(3):730-735. doi:10.1148/radiol.2253011413 https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2253011413
Rodallec MH, Feydy A, Larousserie F, et al. Diagnostic imaging of solitary tumors of the spine: what to do and say. Radiographics. 2008;28(4):1019-1041. doi:10.1148/rg.284075156 https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/rg.284075156